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CV and Respiratory Investigation Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

What is emphysema

what happens, what does it result in

A

walls of alveoli lose elasticity due to damage alveolar walls
- lungs are constantly inflated -> exhalation isn’t anymore passive
- alveolar walls are often replaced with fiberous tissue -> these may break down

results in:
- inadequate surface area for gas exchange (inflation)
- difficulty ventilating in lungs

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2
Q

Emphysema causes

A
  • occupational exposures: people who work in a situation with a lot of dust, fumes and other irritants
  • smoking
  • high air pollution in big cities
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3
Q

Emphysema symptoms

4

A
  • shortness of breath
  • persistent cough
  • wheezing
  • muscle weakness
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4
Q

Emphysema treatments

4

A

no cure

  • bronchodilators inhalers -> relax muscles around airways
  • oxygen therapy
  • steriods -> reduce inflammation
  • surgery (like lung transplant for severe cases)
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5
Q

What is lung cancer

A

involves the development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way (tumour)
- usually begins in walls of air passages (bronchi usually)
- excessive production of mucus -> inhaled irritants irritate mucus membrane lining air passages
- cells at base of the membrane begin to divide more rapidly
- mucus cannot be removed -> alveoli ruptures

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6
Q

Lung cancer causes

3

A
  • exposure to asbestos fibres and other pollutants
  • some chemical substances initiate cancerous growth, others promote it (tobacco does both)
  • air pollution
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7
Q

Lung cancer symptoms

5

A
  • persistent cough
  • coughing up blood or mucus
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain
  • wheezing
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8
Q

Lung cancer treatments

5

A
  • surgery - remove tumour
  • radiation therapy - high energy rays kill cells
  • chemotherapy - uses drugs to kill cancer cells
  • targeted therapy - drugs target specific molecules in a cancer cell
  • immunotherapy - medicines that help body’s immune system fight cancer cells
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9
Q

What is asthma

A

a medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to a narrowing of airways
- smooth muscles contract
- inflammation -> lining thickens and narrows diameter
- mucus fills airway bc of irritation of mucus membrane

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10
Q

Asthma causes

6: 3 allergic, 3 non-allergic

A
  • dust mites
  • mould
  • pollen
  • excercise
  • smoking
  • cold weather
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11
Q

Asthma symptoms

5

A
  • wheezing
  • coughing
  • shortness of breath
  • tight chest
  • breathlessness
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12
Q

Asthma treatments

3

A
  • inhalers -> relax airways
  • neubilisers
  • certain meds (prednisolone) for severe
  • allergy shots for allergic reactions
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13
Q

How does obesity affect the heart

A

It puts extra strain to the heart

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14
Q

How does unhealthy diet affect the heart

A
  • contributes to plaque buildup
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15
Q

How does a high bp affect the heart

A

weakens the blood vessel walls
increases risk of plaque build-up and rupture

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16
Q

How does diabetes affect the heart

A

damages inner lining of blood vessels
increases chance of clots

17
Q

How do smoking and excessive alcohol consumption affect the heart

A
  • damage blood vessels
  • increase bp
18
Q

Why does the heart need its own blood vessels

A

heart muscles so thick that nutrients and oxygen inside heart wouldn’t be able to diffuse through all muscles quickly enough; so they need coronary arteries and heart veins

19
Q

Describe coronary artery disease

A

blockage (blood clots - thrombosis) of cornoary arteries
- Choleserol deposits form a plaque
- narrower lumen of artery
- increases blood pressure
- wall of artery is stiffer

-plaque can rupture
- blood clots can form -> if one breaks away, it may get stuck in smaller blood vessel and stop blood from coming though

20
Q

Coronary heart disease cause

5

A
  • smoking cigarettes
  • diet
  • obesity
  • stress
  • genes
21
Q

Coronary heart disease symptoms

5

A
  • chest pain
  • heart palpitations
  • shortness of breath
  • fatigue
  • dizziness or lightheadedness

bc lack of oxygen to heart

22
Q

Coronary heart disease treatments

4

A
  • statins -> lower cholesterol levels
  • antiplatelet meds -> reduce risk of blood clot
  • weight management -> reduces strain on heart
  • angioplasty
  • surgery - coronary artery bypass graft (reroutes blood flow around blocked arteries)
23
Q

Materials transported by plasma

5

A

water
dissolved substances -> nutrients and gases
- vital for cell function, cellular respiration and gas exchange
- Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
- important ions
hormones
- e.g. insulin, adrenaline, thyroid hormones
- regulate body processes like metabolism, growth, stress response
antibodies
- protect body from infections and diseases
wastes
- urea, creatine and uric acid

24
Q

Materials transported by erythrocytes

2

A

oxygen -> cellular respiration
carbon dioxide -> removal of waste

25
Blood clotting process
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels - platelet plug - coagulation
26
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels | in blood clotting process
- smooth muscles of injured arterioles constrict immediately - reduces diameter, blood flow -> reduce blood loss
27
Platelet plug | in blood clotting process
damage to inside of vessel creates **rough surface** - platelets stick to rough wall and attract other platelets -> forms “platelet plug” - helps** reduce blood loss** - **platelets release substances that act as vasoconstrictors **-> enhances and prolongs vasoconstriction
28
Coagulation | in blood clotting process
activity of chemical substances called **clotting factors** in plasma increases - series of reactions results in formation of insoluble thread-like protein -> **Fibrin** - create platelet plug around network -> traps more blood cells, platelets and plasma - *build-up of material (blood clot) called a **thrombus*** - fibrin sticks to vessel and holds thrombus in place - **clot retraction** | for more severe cuts
29
Name types of ways leucocytes protect our body from diseases | 5
- phagocytosis - producing antibodies *(antibody mediated response)* - cell-mediated immunity - inflammatory responses - allergic responses
30
Which leucocytes help in phagocytosis
- neutrophils - monocytes
31
Which leucocytes help in producing antibodies
B-lymphocyte
32
What do antibodies do
target and neutralise pathogens
33
Which leucocyte helps in cell-mediated immunity
- T-lymphocytes
34
Which leucocyte helps in inflammatory response
- eosinophils
35
Which leucocyte helps in allergic responses
- basophils
36
Clot retraction
- after clot is formed, network of threads contract -> becoming denser and stronger -> pulls edges of damaged blood vessels together - clear yellow fluid called ***serum*** is squeezed out of cut - serum dries and scab is formed over wound -> prevents entry of micro-organisms
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