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A Level History > BRITAIN WSPU 1903-14 PART 1 > Flashcards

BRITAIN WSPU 1903-14 PART 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the NUWSS established?

A

1897

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2
Q

Who led the NUWSS?

A

Millicent Fawcett

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3
Q

What did the NUWSS avoid with its campaigning?

A

Outdoor meetings; public appeals; by-election interfering

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4
Q

Why was there a growing consensus in the early 1900s that female suffrage would eventually be received?

A

Rise of the Independent Labour Party; Irish Home Rule movement

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5
Q

When was the WSPU formed?

A

1903

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6
Q

What is the time period in which most historians agree that the WSPU reinvigorated the cause of women’s suffrage?

A

1903-08

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7
Q

What is the time period in which historians are divided about the impact of the WSPU’s violence on the women’s movement?

A

1909-14

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8
Q

Who established the WSPU?

A

Emmeline Pankhurst

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9
Q

What was the initial membership of the WSPU like?

A

Small group of working-class women, mostly wives of ILP supporters

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10
Q

How many members did the WSPU consist of in the summer of 1905?

A

30

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11
Q

What was the WSPU’s motto?

A

‘Deeds, not words’

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12
Q

Why did the Pankhursts believe that a political movement was called for that would challenge the government?

A

Even a parliament of pro-women MPs would not enfranchise women

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13
Q

What were the moderate militant tactics did the WSPU initially decide to adopt?

A

Meeting disruptions; demonstrations; heckling

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14
Q

How was the militancy campaign of the WSPU initiated?

A

Christabel disrupted a speech by Sir Edward Grey at a public meeting

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15
Q

Who was Christabel accompanied by when she interrupted a speech for the first time?

A

Fellow WSPU member Annie Kenney

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16
Q

When did the WSPU decide to adopt moderate militant tactics?

A

1905

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17
Q

Which WSPU member made the decision to adopt moderate militant tactics?

A

Christabel

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18
Q

What did suffragette militancy take inspiration from?

A

Irish Home Rule movement

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19
Q

Who led the Irish Home Rule movement?

A

Charles Parnell

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20
Q

What approach had Parnell taken to promoting Irish Home Rule?

A

Didn’t target individual MPs but put pressure on the government

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21
Q

How had Parnell approached Liberal candidates?

A

Opposed all of them, even those in favour of Home Rule

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22
Q

When did the militant action of the WSPU increased?

A

1906-07

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23
Q

What is an example of the increased militancy of the suffragettes?

A

Chained themselves to the railings on Downing Street and to statues in the House of Commons’ lobby

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24
Q

When did a WSPU group break into the lobby of the HoC?

A

25 October 1906

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25
How many suffragettes were arrested for breaking into the lobby of the HoC?
10
26
How was Christabel punished for interrupting the meeting of Sir Edward Grey?
Imprisoned
27
What was a powerful tool for the WSPU for creating sympathy with middle and upper class audiences?
Notion of socially elite women in jail as unjustly punished victims of a male-controlled state
28
Who is an example of a socially elite woman whose arrested caused public outrage?
Mrs Cobden Sanderson, daughter of renowned reform politician Richard Cobden
29
What did public outrage about the notion of socially elite women in jail expose?
Class divides
30
How did WSPU militancy help the NUWSS to build up its membership?
Won publicity for the women's suffrage campaign
31
When did the NUWSS organise its own mass meeting?
1907
32
What did the NUWSS' mass meeting become known as?
'Mud March'
33
How many NUWSS supporters assembled at its mass meeting?
3000
34
When did the WSPU hold the first 'Women's Parliament'?
February 1907
35
What encourage the WSPU to move towards more violent forms of militancy?
Huge 1908 Hyde Park meeting failed to influence the government at all
36
Who won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election?
Liberal Party
37
What was the Liberal government most concerned with in 1908?
Radical social welfare reforms; Conservative-controlled HoL; Irish Home Rule; worsening national trade balance
38
When did Asquith replace Campbell-Bannerman as PM?
April 1908
39
How many women met at the mass Hyde Park meeting in June 1908?
250,000-500,000
40
When did the WSPU's violent militancy begin?
Autumn of 1908
41
What did Christabel direct in response to Asquith's refusal to acknowledge the mass support at the Hyde Park meeting?
Mass campaign of window-breaking
42
How long was Christabel sent to prison for window-breaking?
2 months
43
Why did the suffragettes adopt a campaign of violent militancy?
To convince the government and the public that orderly daily life could not continue while women were excluded from politics
44
Who became a popular target for much of the suffragette's violent militancy?
Asquith
45
How was the PM targeted as part of the WSPU's violent militancy?
Assaulted on a golf course and slates were thrown at his car
46
Why was Asquith sceptical about female suffrage?
Reasoned that representation within parliament was not a universal right, noting that children were not included
47
What did Asquith state that it would take for him to consider the question of female suffrage?
A clear demonstration that there was sufficient demand in the country
48
When did the WSPU begin its hunger strikes?
June 1909
49
What undermined the propaganda effect of the force-feedings?
Temporary Discharge for the Ill-Health Act 1913
50
What was the Temporary Discharge for the Ill-Health Act more commonly referred to as?
Cat-and-Mouse Act
51
When was the most notorious act of suffragette militancy?
'Black Friday' 18 November 1910
52
Who did Emmeline declare was the enemy after 'Black Friday'?
Liberal Party
53
How did the WSPU change its tactics after 'Black Friday'?
Tried to avoid street protests, favouring acts of property destruction
54
When did suffragette militancy become even more extreme?
1911
55
What tactics did the WSPU use in 1912?
Targeted artworks; set fire to pillar boxes; continued its relentless programme of window smashing
56
When was the suffragette campaign at its most militant?
1913
57
What are examples of the suffragette militancy in 1913?
13 paintings in Manchester Art Gallery were hacked apart; streetlights, golf greens and train carriages were damaged
58
When did the NUWSS begin campaigning for women's suffrage?
1897
59
Which ex-WSPU member believed that suffragette militancy was purely for publicity?
Teresa Billington-Greig
60
Why did the WSPU believe that violence was the only way forward for the campaign?
Government had refused to act in response to peaceful protest of 1905-08
61
When were the NUWSS and WSPU essentially wigs of the same movement?
1903-09
62
When was growth of the fame suffrage movement slow?
1903-05
63
How did the WSPU grow after they began using militant tactics?
3 branches in 1906 to 122 branches by 1911
64
When did membership of the WSPU expand massively?
1906-10
65
Why is it hard to gauge how many women participated in the WSPU?
It did not maintain formal membership
66
When did Annie Kenney join the WSPU?
1905
67
Why was Kenney an important addition to the WSPU?
Added a much needed working class element to the WSPU's leadership
68
When did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband join the WSPU?
1906
69
Why were Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband an important addition to the WSPU?
Added much financial and organisation skill
70
What did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence become in the WSPU?
Treasurer
71
What did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence's husband do for the WSPU?
Organised its staff; established its newspaper, 'Votes for Women'
72
What was the WSPU's leadership organised into by 1906?
Unelected Central Committee
73
Who was the secretary of the WSPU in 1906?
Sylvia Pankhurst
74
What body assisted the WSPU's Central Committee in 1906?
Subcommittee- made up mainly of friends and family of the Pankhursts
75
What did the WSPU's Central Committee do?
Controlled all WSPU publications, finances and paid appointments
76
How many WSPU branches were there in London in 1911?
64
77
How many WSPU branches were there elsewhere in England in 1911?
58
78
Which regional WSPU branch clashed with the London WSPU?
Liverpool- very working-class organisation
79
What was the membership of the WSPU like in 1903?
Mainly northern working-class women, with connections to the ILP
80
Why did Christabel move the WSPU's base from Manchester to London?
Increasing disillusionment with ILP; secure popular support outside of Manchester
81
Why Adela Pankhurst encouraged by her mother to emigrate to Australia?
She held alienating socialist views
82
Why did the WSPU perpetually struggle to secure the support of working-class men?
Many in Labour feared women would vote Conservative/Liberal; women's admission to workplace would drive wages down
83
When did the Labour Party reject women's suffrage?
1907
84
When did the NUWSS grow rapidly?
1902-06- increased from 17 to 31 branches
85
What is an example of the NUWSS, rather than the WSPU, putting in the political leg work for the movement?
Made sure the 1906 Liberal government included a majority of sympathetic members
86
Which organisation also orchestrated militant acts throughout the 1900s?
Women's Freedom League (WFL)
87
Which organisation had Emmeline been involved with before the WSPU?
Women's Franchise League
88
What made Emmeline an effective leader?
Magnetic; influential speaker; unique POV
89
Why was Christabel a heroic figure for many?
Dazzlingly clever; strong-willed; attractive
90
How many churches were attacked between 1913-14 for the CoE's prejudices against women?
50
91
What were Emmeline and Christabel eager to run the WSPU like?
An army
92
How many splits took place in the WSPU?
7
93
When did 1/5 of the WSPU's members leave to forge a more working-class, pro-Labour movement?
1907
94
When were the Pethick-Lawrences banned from the WSPU?
1912
95
Who led the WSPU split of 1907?
Charlotte Despard and Teresa Billington-Greig
96
Why did the 1907 split occur?
Billington-Greig had drafted a constitution at the WSPU's annual conference, attempting to make the WSPU more democratic

A Level History (34 decks)

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